Longitudinal study of lung function in pregnant women: Influence of parity and smoking

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate pulmonary function in the first and third trimesters of pregnancy and analyze the influence of parity and smoking on spirometry parameters. METHODS: This longitudinal prospective study included a cohort of 120 pregnant women. The inclusion criteria were as follows: singleton pregnancy, gestational age less than 13.86 weeks, and no preexisting maternal diseases. The exclusion criteria were as follows: change of address, abortion, and inadequate spirometry testing. ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT02807038. RESULTS: A decrease in values of forced vital capacity and forced expiratory volume were noted in the first second from the first to third trimester. In the first and third trimesters, multiparous women demonstrated lower absolute forced vital capacity and forced expiratory volume values in the first second compared with nulliparous women (p<0.0001 and p=0.001, respectively). Multiparous women demonstrated reduced forced expiratory flow in 25% to 75% of the maneuver compared with nulliparous women in the first (p=0.005) and third (p=0.031) trimesters. The absolute values of forced expiratory flow in 25% to 75%, forced expiratory volume in the first second and predicted peak expiratory flow values in the third trimester were higher in smokers compared with nonsmokers (p=0.042, p=0.039, p=0.024, and p=0.021, respectively). CONCLUSION: There was a significant reduction in forced vital capacity and forced expiratory volume values in the first second during pregnancy. Parity and smoking significantly influence spirometric variables.

Avaliação da espirometria de gestantes expostas à poluição atmosférica da Região Metropolitana de São Paulo / Spirometric evaluation of pregnant women exposed to air pollution in the metropolitan region of São Paulo

Introdução: A poluição do ar pode levar a alterações no sistema respiratório, especialmente entre certos grupos, como as gestantes, que são mais vulneráveis aos efeitos de poluentes atmosféricos. A gravidez é um período que envolve alterações funcionais e anatômicas no corpo da mulher, incluindo alterações na função pulmonar, o que pode ser avaliado por espirometria, um método simples, barato e eficaz. Objetivos: Os objetivos deste estudo foram a usar a espirometria para avaliar a função pulmonar de mulheres no primeiro trimestre (T1) e no terceiro trimestre (T3) de gravidez e analisar a influência da exposição a poluição do ar sobre os parâmetros espirométricos. Metodologia: O estudo foi realizado no Ambulatório de Obstetrícia do Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo (HCFMUSP) entre Maio de 2011 e Agosto de 2013. Foram aplicados os seguintes critérios de inclusão: gestação única, idade gestacional no dia da primeira espirometria inferior a 13,86 semanas, ausência de doenças maternas préexistentes, preparação adequada para o teste de espirometria e amostradores passivos individuais (APIs) adequados para análise. Os critérios de exclusão foram a mudança de endereço, o aborto, o teste de espirometria inadequado e desistência de participar do projeto. Os APIs contendo dois filtros de celulose embebidos com solução absorvente para capturar os níveis de NO2 e outros dois filtros embebidos com solução de índigo blue para medir os níveis de O3 foram entregues às gestantes cerca de 12 dias antes da realização do teste de espirometria. Dados do relatório anual da Companhia Ambiental do Estado de São Paulo (CETESB) para o mesmo período dos amostradores passivos, foram utilizados. Para a espirometria, um espirômetro Koko foi utilizado, sendo considerada as duas melhores curvas para avaliar os resultados da função pulmonar. Análise estatística: Foi utilizado o teste Mann-Whitney para grupos independentes e Wilcoxon para...

Introduction - Air pollution can lead to alterations to the respiratory system, particularly among certain groups, such as pregnant women, which are more vulnerable to the effects of air pollutants. Pregnancy is a period involving functional and anatomical changes in a woman's body. These changes include pulmonary function, which can be assessed by spirometry, a simple, inexpensive and effective method. Objectives - The aims of this study were to use spirometry to evaluate pulmonary function in pregnant women in the first trimester (T1) and the third trimester (T3) of pregnancy and to analyze the influence of air pollution exposure on the spirometry parameters. Methodology - This study was carried out at the Obstetrics Clinic of Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo (HCFMUSP) between May 2011 and August 2013. The following inclusion criteria were applied: singleton pregnancy, 13.86 weeks gestational age at the first spirometry, no preexisting maternal diseases, adequate preparation for the spirometry test and individual passive samplers (IPAs) suitable for analysis. The exclusion criteria were change of address, abortion, inadequate spirometry testing and withdrawal from the project. The exposure to pollutants prior to the spirometry tests was assessed in T1 and T3. The passive samplers containing two cellulose filters soaked with absorbent solution to capture NO2 levels and two other filters soaked with indigo solution to measure O3 levels were provided to the pregnant women roughly 12 days prior to the spirometry test. Data from the environmental Company of São Paulo State (CETESB) annual report for the same period the passive samplers were used. For the spirometry, a Koko spirometer was used, taking the two best curves to assess lung function results. Statistical Analysis - We used Mann- Whitney tests for independent groups and Wilcoxon for the dependent ones. Due to the small variation in the...